Anyhow, to answer a comment from David, I thought I'd post this chart of the 'Dutch Model' in "Background to Beakers: Background to Dutch Beakers" by Harry Fokkens.
David's question is whether All-Over-Ornamented (AOO) and All-Over-Corded (AOC) beakers are Single Grave beakers or are they Bell Beaker beakers. Fokkens explains this in a way that 'finally' makes sense, you might say.
"One of the key elements in the typological discussion is the position of the 'pan-European' or 'maritime' Beaker (type 2Ia in the Dutch sequence) and the position of AOO/AOC pottery as a go between Bell Beaker Culture and Single Grave Culture. The first point to make is that following Lanting (2008) the Bell Beaker sequence in the Netherlands starts with the maritime Beaker (type 2Ia). Confusing for scholars outside the Netherlands, this implies that AOO/AOC Beakers are not considered to belong to the Bell Beaker Culture. Drenth and Hogestijn consider them late Single Grave Beakers (e.g. 2006). Lanting prefers to give AOO Beakers a separate place between both groups (Lanting 2008, 16), like also Van der Waals and Glasbergen (1955) did. They indicated AOO pottery as 'hybrid' beakers because they combine decorative elements of both the SGC and the BB group."The answer is that it is controversial. Dutch archaeologists see Beaker pottery mostly developing in the Netherlands. Mainstream opinion is less convinced of the primacy of the Netherlands in developing the Beaker package or maritime style.
If you're late to the discussion, this started last week with statistical analysis at Eurogenes "Dutch Beakers like no Other Beakers"
Related to this is the Dutchness of British Beakers in genes and culture, and what does it mean when a British Beaker is strongly reminiscent of SGC culture?
The Proboscidian ivory adorments from the hypogeum of Padru Jossu (Sanluri, Sardinia, Italy) and the Mediterranean Bell Beaker- Jose Miguel Morillo, Claudia Pau, Jean Guileine (diciembre 2.018)-
ReplyDeleteMaybe you can be interested in this work. There are several others on the subject of trade in the Mediterranean, the origin and dispersion of the BB culture. Outside of the impassioned debate of geneticists, the truth is that archeology has demonstrated dozens of times the Iberian origin of the BB culture. This is just an example.
Awesome thanks. Reading now
DeleteIt seems Guileine et al, and the shrinking army of outdated orthodoxy is unable to accept or digest evidence. Their arguements are fallacious
ReplyDelete''This hypothesis states that distinct elements (e.g.copper tongue daggers, turtle-shaped buttons, Palmela arrowheads) of the Bell Beaker ‘package’, which accompanies the diffusion of the bell-shaped beakers, have a near-certain Iberian origin, given that copper metallurgy was notably developed in Iberia during the late fourth millennium BC.''
Copper metallurgy quite obviously diffused from the East.
'' A potential origin of the Maritime beaker from the ‘copos’ (beakers) of the Portuguese horizon Vila Nova de São Pedro I is also taken into account on the basis of technical similarities
in decoration (Harrison 1977), despite remaining differences.''
The Beaker forms has little similarity to the Copos. Its shape/ form is from a line of evolution similar to the CW Beaker.
''In addition, radiocarbon dates potentially further support an Iberian origin, although some of the early dates (from the twentyseventh century BC onwards) await confirmation (Cardoso 2014).''
Misquoting Cardoso, who does not claim BB originated in Iberia. He rather points out that BB spread rapidly accross Europe. The modified dates in Iberia 2600 BC (at the earliest) are hundreds of years after the expansion of Yamnaya & CWC.
Come one, lets move on folks.
It seems to me that the last trench of the Kurganists will be trying to defend the origin of the BB culture in the Netherlands. The truth is that it is fun to see, how the irreducible pretend to convince everyone with arguments that are certainly weak and often rejected as absurd. Considering that the SGC as well as the culture of Vlaardingen were Stone Age cultures that did not know the metal, that the CWC only used the metal sporadically, that in the British Isles and the north of France did not know the metallurgy and that in Spain and Italy copper was worked 1,000 years before, trying to convince someone that BB culture (which is a culture fundamentally related to the work of copper) had its origin in the Netherlands, is the most fun I've been reading since long time.
ReplyDeleteThe works of Cardoso and Muller are totally definitive. The C14 dates in the Spanish deposits (Extremadura) present similar results (2,700-2,600 BC) for the introduction of the international maritime style. This is very far from the Dutch dating where the styles are also mixed with each other. The dispute over the origin of BB culture has not made much sense for a long time because the evidence in favor of Iberia is so overwhelming that arguments to the contrary do not deserve to be taken into account.
Iberian migrations to other BB regions are also clearly demonstrated.
BB culture stopped the expansion of the CWC and was introduced into its territory, among other things because it was technologically far superior to the Central European cultures, and of course to the cultures of the steppes. Iberian BBs traded with Asia and Africa, exporting salt, copper and ceramics and importing amber, Asian and African ivory, while Dutch and Brits were still in the Stone Age. That is the true reality of this story.
I'm scanning through the document and hope to post about it later this evening or in the morning.
ReplyDelete"Metal, basically only copper, did not play a major part in the Corded Ware culture, although simple copper ornaments may be found in the Corded Ware graves in the southern and central parts of its domain"
ReplyDeleteProf-Harry Fokkens- Personally I don’t believe that there is any evidence to suggest that AOO was earlier than Maritime style, in other words, there is no basis left, for claiming that the origins of either AOO/Maritime Beaker style in the context of the Ducht SGC.
The Amber of the tholos of Montelirio- Mercedes Murillo-Barroso (January 2016). "We already have the first evidence of the arrival of Baltic amber in the peninsula (dolmen de Larrate) (Álvarez Fernández et al., 2005), and in the light of the analyzes carried out in Valencina, a predominance of Sicilian amber (Simetite). However, it would allow the establishment of links and relationships between certain individuals or groups. The restricted access to the materials subject to these sporadic foreign contacts (both amber and ivory or ostrich egg) as well as the control or the exclusive legitimacy to establish these relationships should have resulted in the ostentation and greater social significance of certain individuals.
The BB culture is fascinating because it was a cosmopolitan culture, and the first truly Pan-European. We can imagine the trade between Syria (ivory of Asian elephant), Sicily, Sardinia, Liguria, France and the Western Mediterranean (estuary of the Tagus). Then, the trips towards the north reaching Brittany, the British islands and the estuary of the Rhine. The metallurgical development favored the social differentiation.
Despite what many people believe, in Spain there is evidence of individualized burials in collective burials.
Dating by luminescent techniques from Tomb 3 and BB pottery (Badajoz, Spain) - Carlos P Odriozola. La Pijotilla (3,077 BC), is one of the largest settlements (80 Ha) of the III millennium A.N.E. of the Iberian Peninsula
Tomb T3- (2.861 / 2.625- 2.743 BC) where it was possible to identify an outstanding individual trousseau composed of a copper dagger with a notch, two small ceramic vessels, a sheet of flint and ocher or limonite, among the hundred ceramic vessels, arrowheads, flint blades, a green stone dagger, thousands of beads, seashells, phalanx idols,anthropomorphic figurines, betilies and large vessels that corresponded to the set of trousseaux of the remaining 300 burials
Thanks for your blog. I haven't followed this topic as closely as I used to since the closing of the website "Ancestral Journeys" which kept a good, up to date list of ancient DNA samples.
ReplyDeleteIf I remember correctly, none of the Beakers turned up R1b-U106, even ones from the Netherlands. This was surprising, since this represents a fairly important chunk of the R1b tree.
One thing we have learned is male family members stuck together back in the bronze age, given each culture is represented overwhelmingly by a certain Y-DNA.
Thus, if Yamnaya= R1b-2103, Corded Ware=R1a and Bell Beaker=R1b-S116, then the question is:
R1b-U106=?????
Any ideas? This would make an interesting topic.
Thanks for the comments.
DeleteProbably the North Sea Germanic Urheimat, coming out of the Nordic Bronze Age and then the Beakers before that. I think the very far north Beakers are just unrepresented yet. But it's a favorable place because of its low population and isolation, it's represented in the NBA Western Sweden and because it appears to have spread with Germanics around Europe. Even with all the samples, there's just a handful of Beaker enclaves that have any representation at all.
The history of European pre-history, in a nutshell: "It (whatever 'it' is) started here, in our country."
ReplyDeleteMany archaeological arguments seem to go that way.
DeleteOK, so considering that AOO/AOC might actually be Single Grave beakers, here's another question: what are the most Single Grave-like, or at least influenced, burials from which we have ancient DNA from?
ReplyDeleteI'm thinking Amesbury Down (with I2417) should be up there.
Well, I think AOO/AOC depends on who you ask and which model you subscribe to. I think they are universally thought of as Beakers, but whether they are transitional or a fusion, basically their interpretation as relates to the previous SGC is not universally agree upon.
DeleteBoscombe Bowmen is kind of an irregular grave. Probably continental immigrants. As mentioned in the previous post, some of the most CW-like graves don't have tests other than the one we mentioned before and most British and Irish graves show resemblance to the Rhine Delta region and surrounds anyway. Let me take another look.